pb_constraint.cc

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// Copyright 2010-2022 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
#include "ortools/sat/pb_constraint.h"
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
#include "absl/hash/hash.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "absl/types/span.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/base/strong_vector.h"
#include "ortools/sat/sat_base.h"
#include "ortools/sat/sat_parameters.pb.h"
#include "ortools/util/bitset.h"
#include "ortools/util/saturated_arithmetic.h"
#include "ortools/util/stats.h"
#include "ortools/util/strong_integers.h"
 
namespace operations_research {
namespace sat {
 
namespace {
 
bool LiteralComparator(const LiteralWithCoeff& a, const LiteralWithCoeff& b) {
  return a.literal.Index() < b.literal.Index();
}
 
bool CoeffComparator(const LiteralWithCoeff& a, const LiteralWithCoeff& b) {
  if (a.coefficient == b.coefficient) {
    return a.literal.Index() < b.literal.Index();
  }
  return a.coefficient < b.coefficient;
}
 
}  // namespace
 
bool ComputeBooleanLinearExpressionCanonicalForm(
    std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>* cst, Coefficient* bound_shift,
    Coefficient* max_value) {
  // Note(user): For some reason, the IntType checking doesn't work here ?! that
  // is a bit worrying, but the code seems to behave correctly.
  *bound_shift = 0;
  *max_value = 0;
 
  // First, sort by literal to remove duplicate literals.
  // This also remove term with a zero coefficient.
  std::sort(cst->begin(), cst->end(), LiteralComparator);
  int index = 0;
  LiteralWithCoeff* representative = nullptr;
  for (int i = 0; i < cst->size(); ++i) {
    const LiteralWithCoeff current = (*cst)[i];
    if (current.coefficient == 0) continue;
    if (representative != nullptr &&
        current.literal.Variable() == representative->literal.Variable()) {
      if (current.literal == representative->literal) {
        if (!SafeAddInto(current.coefficient, &(representative->coefficient))) {
          return false;
        }
      } else {
        // Here current_literal is equal to (1 - representative).
        if (!SafeAddInto(-current.coefficient,
                         &(representative->coefficient))) {
          return false;
        }
        if (!SafeAddInto(-current.coefficient, bound_shift)) return false;
      }
    } else {
      if (representative != nullptr && representative->coefficient == 0) {
        --index;
      }
      (*cst)[index] = current;
      representative = &((*cst)[index]);
      ++index;
    }
  }
  if (representative != nullptr && representative->coefficient == 0) {
    --index;
  }
  cst->resize(index);
 
  // Then, make all coefficients positive by replacing a term "-c x" into
  // "c(1-x) - c" which is the same as "c(not x) - c".
  for (int i = 0; i < cst->size(); ++i) {
    const LiteralWithCoeff current = (*cst)[i];
    if (current.coefficient < 0) {
      if (!SafeAddInto(-current.coefficient, bound_shift)) return false;
      (*cst)[i].coefficient = -current.coefficient;
      (*cst)[i].literal = current.literal.Negated();
    }
    if (!SafeAddInto((*cst)[i].coefficient, max_value)) return false;
  }
 
  // Finally sort by increasing coefficients.
  std::sort(cst->begin(), cst->end(), CoeffComparator);
  DCHECK_GE(*max_value, 0);
  return true;
}
 
bool ApplyLiteralMapping(
    const absl::StrongVector<LiteralIndex, LiteralIndex>& mapping,
    std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>* cst, Coefficient* bound_shift,
    Coefficient* max_value) {
  int index = 0;
  Coefficient shift_due_to_fixed_variables(0);
  for (const LiteralWithCoeff& entry : *cst) {
    if (mapping[entry.literal.Index()] >= 0) {
      (*cst)[index] = LiteralWithCoeff(Literal(mapping[entry.literal.Index()]),
                                       entry.coefficient);
      ++index;
    } else if (mapping[entry.literal.Index()] == kTrueLiteralIndex) {
      if (!SafeAddInto(-entry.coefficient, &shift_due_to_fixed_variables)) {
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      // Nothing to do if the literal is false.
      DCHECK_EQ(mapping[entry.literal.Index()], kFalseLiteralIndex);
    }
  }
  cst->resize(index);
  if (cst->empty()) {
    *bound_shift = shift_due_to_fixed_variables;
    *max_value = 0;
    return true;
  }
  const bool result =
      ComputeBooleanLinearExpressionCanonicalForm(cst, bound_shift, max_value);
  if (!SafeAddInto(shift_due_to_fixed_variables, bound_shift)) return false;
  return result;
}
 
// TODO(user): Also check for no duplicates literals + unit tests.
bool BooleanLinearExpressionIsCanonical(
    const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst) {
  Coefficient previous(1);
  for (LiteralWithCoeff term : cst) {
    if (term.coefficient < previous) return false;
    previous = term.coefficient;
  }
  return true;
}
 
// TODO(user): Use more complex simplification like dividing by the gcd of
// everyone and using less different coefficients if possible.
void SimplifyCanonicalBooleanLinearConstraint(
    std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>* cst, Coefficient* rhs) {
  // Replace all coefficient >= rhs by rhs + 1 (these literal must actually be
  // false). Note that the linear sum of literals remains canonical.
  //
  // TODO(user): It is probably better to remove these literals and have other
  // constraint setting them to false from the symmetry finder perspective.
  for (LiteralWithCoeff& x : *cst) {
    if (x.coefficient > *rhs) x.coefficient = *rhs + 1;
  }
}
 
Coefficient ComputeCanonicalRhs(Coefficient upper_bound,
                                Coefficient bound_shift,
                                Coefficient max_value) {
  Coefficient rhs = upper_bound;
  if (!SafeAddInto(bound_shift, &rhs)) {
    if (bound_shift > 0) {
      // Positive overflow. The constraint is trivially true.
      // This is because the canonical linear expression is in [0, max_value].
      return max_value;
    } else {
      // Negative overflow. The constraint is infeasible.
      return Coefficient(-1);
    }
  }
  if (rhs < 0) return Coefficient(-1);
  return std::min(max_value, rhs);
}
 
Coefficient ComputeNegatedCanonicalRhs(Coefficient lower_bound,
                                       Coefficient bound_shift,
                                       Coefficient max_value) {
  // The new bound is "max_value - (lower_bound + bound_shift)", but we must
  // pay attention to possible overflows.
  Coefficient shifted_lb = lower_bound;
  if (!SafeAddInto(bound_shift, &shifted_lb)) {
    if (bound_shift > 0) {
      // Positive overflow. The constraint is infeasible.
      return Coefficient(-1);
    } else {
      // Negative overflow. The constraint is trivialy satisfiable.
      return max_value;
    }
  }
  if (shifted_lb <= 0) {
    // If shifted_lb <= 0 then the constraint is trivialy satisfiable. We test
    // this so we are sure that max_value - shifted_lb doesn't overflow below.
    return max_value;
  }
  return max_value - shifted_lb;
}
 
bool CanonicalBooleanLinearProblem::AddLinearConstraint(
    bool use_lower_bound, Coefficient lower_bound, bool use_upper_bound,
    Coefficient upper_bound, std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>* cst) {
  // Canonicalize the linear expression of the constraint.
  Coefficient bound_shift;
  Coefficient max_value;
  if (!ComputeBooleanLinearExpressionCanonicalForm(cst, &bound_shift,
                                                   &max_value)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (use_upper_bound) {
    const Coefficient rhs =
        ComputeCanonicalRhs(upper_bound, bound_shift, max_value);
    if (!AddConstraint(*cst, max_value, rhs)) return false;
  }
  if (use_lower_bound) {
    // We transform the constraint into an upper-bounded one.
    for (int i = 0; i < cst->size(); ++i) {
      (*cst)[i].literal = (*cst)[i].literal.Negated();
    }
    const Coefficient rhs =
        ComputeNegatedCanonicalRhs(lower_bound, bound_shift, max_value);
    if (!AddConstraint(*cst, max_value, rhs)) return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool CanonicalBooleanLinearProblem::AddConstraint(
    const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst, Coefficient max_value,
    Coefficient rhs) {
  if (rhs < 0) return false;          // Trivially unsatisfiable.
  if (rhs >= max_value) return true;  // Trivially satisfiable.
  constraints_.emplace_back(cst.begin(), cst.end());
  rhs_.push_back(rhs);
  SimplifyCanonicalBooleanLinearConstraint(&constraints_.back(), &rhs_.back());
  return true;
}
 
void MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ClearAndResize(int num_variables) {
  if (terms_.size() != num_variables) {
    terms_.assign(num_variables, Coefficient(0));
    non_zeros_.ClearAndResize(BooleanVariable(num_variables));
    rhs_ = 0;
    max_sum_ = 0;
  } else {
    ClearAll();
  }
}
 
void MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ClearAll() {
  // TODO(user): We could be more efficient and have only one loop here.
  for (BooleanVariable var : non_zeros_.PositionsSetAtLeastOnce()) {
    terms_[var] = Coefficient(0);
  }
  non_zeros_.ClearAll();
  rhs_ = 0;
  max_sum_ = 0;
}
 
// TODO(user): Also reduce the trivially false literal when coeff > rhs_ ?
void MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ReduceCoefficients() {
  CHECK_LT(rhs_, max_sum_) << "Trivially sat.";
  Coefficient removed_sum(0);
  const Coefficient bound = max_sum_ - rhs_;
  for (BooleanVariable var : PossibleNonZeros()) {
    const Coefficient diff = GetCoefficient(var) - bound;
    if (diff > 0) {
      removed_sum += diff;
      terms_[var] = (terms_[var] > 0) ? bound : -bound;
    }
  }
  rhs_ -= removed_sum;
  max_sum_ -= removed_sum;
  DCHECK_EQ(max_sum_, ComputeMaxSum());
}
 
std::string MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::DebugString() {
  std::string result;
  for (BooleanVariable var : PossibleNonZeros()) {
    if (!result.empty()) result += " + ";
    result += absl::StrFormat("%d[%s]", GetCoefficient(var).value(),
                              GetLiteral(var).DebugString());
  }
  result += absl::StrFormat(" <= %d", rhs_.value());
  return result;
}
 
// TODO(user): Keep this for DCHECK(), but maintain the slack incrementally
// instead of recomputing it.
Coefficient MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(
    const Trail& trail, int trail_index) const {
  Coefficient activity(0);
  for (BooleanVariable var : PossibleNonZeros()) {
    if (GetCoefficient(var) == 0) continue;
    if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(GetLiteral(var)) &&
        trail.Info(var).trail_index < trail_index) {
      activity += GetCoefficient(var);
    }
  }
  return rhs_ - activity;
}
 
Coefficient MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::
    ReduceCoefficientsAndComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(const Trail& trail,
                                                    int trail_index) {
  Coefficient activity(0);
  Coefficient removed_sum(0);
  const Coefficient bound = max_sum_ - rhs_;
  for (BooleanVariable var : PossibleNonZeros()) {
    if (GetCoefficient(var) == 0) continue;
    const Coefficient diff = GetCoefficient(var) - bound;
    if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(GetLiteral(var)) &&
        trail.Info(var).trail_index < trail_index) {
      if (diff > 0) {
        removed_sum += diff;
        terms_[var] = (terms_[var] > 0) ? bound : -bound;
      }
      activity += GetCoefficient(var);
    } else {
      // Because we assume the slack (rhs - activity) to be negative, we have
      // coeff + rhs - max_sum_ <= coeff + rhs - (activity + coeff)
      //                        <= slack
      //                        < 0
      CHECK_LE(diff, 0);
    }
  }
  rhs_ -= removed_sum;
  max_sum_ -= removed_sum;
  DCHECK_EQ(max_sum_, ComputeMaxSum());
  return rhs_ - activity;
}
 
void MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ReduceSlackTo(
    const Trail& trail, int trail_index, Coefficient initial_slack,
    Coefficient target) {
  // Positive slack.
  const Coefficient slack = initial_slack;
  DCHECK_EQ(slack, ComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(trail, trail_index));
  CHECK_LE(target, slack);
  CHECK_GE(target, 0);
 
  // This is not stricly needed, but true in our use case:
  // The variable assigned at trail_index was causing a conflict.
  const Coefficient coeff = GetCoefficient(trail[trail_index].Variable());
  CHECK_LT(slack, coeff);
 
  // Nothing to do if the slack is already target.
  if (slack == target) return;
 
  // Applies the algorithm described in the .h
  const Coefficient diff = slack - target;
  rhs_ -= diff;
  for (BooleanVariable var : PossibleNonZeros()) {
    if (GetCoefficient(var) == 0) continue;
    if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(GetLiteral(var)) &&
        trail.Info(var).trail_index < trail_index) {
      continue;
    }
    if (GetCoefficient(var) > diff) {
      terms_[var] = (terms_[var] > 0) ? terms_[var] - diff : terms_[var] + diff;
      max_sum_ -= diff;
    } else {
      max_sum_ -= GetCoefficient(var);
      terms_[var] = 0;
    }
  }
  DCHECK_EQ(max_sum_, ComputeMaxSum());
}
 
void MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::CopyIntoVector(
    std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>* output) {
  output->clear();
  for (BooleanVariable var : non_zeros_.PositionsSetAtLeastOnce()) {
    const Coefficient coeff = GetCoefficient(var);
    if (coeff != 0) {
      output->push_back(LiteralWithCoeff(GetLiteral(var), GetCoefficient(var)));
    }
  }
  std::sort(output->begin(), output->end(), CoeffComparator);
}
 
Coefficient MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ComputeMaxSum() const {
  Coefficient result(0);
  for (BooleanVariable var : non_zeros_.PositionsSetAtLeastOnce()) {
    result += GetCoefficient(var);
  }
  return result;
}
 
UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::UpperBoundedLinearConstraint(
    const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst)
    : is_marked_for_deletion_(false),
      is_learned_(false),
      first_reason_trail_index_(-1),
      activity_(0.0) {
  DCHECK(!cst.empty());
  DCHECK(std::is_sorted(cst.begin(), cst.end(), CoeffComparator));
  literals_.reserve(cst.size());
 
  // Reserve the space for coeffs_ and starts_ (it is slightly more efficient).
  {
    int size = 0;
    Coefficient prev(0);  // Ignore initial zeros.
    for (LiteralWithCoeff term : cst) {
      if (term.coefficient != prev) {
        prev = term.coefficient;
        ++size;
      }
    }
    coeffs_.reserve(size);
    starts_.reserve(size + 1);
  }
 
  Coefficient prev(0);
  for (LiteralWithCoeff term : cst) {
    if (term.coefficient != prev) {
      prev = term.coefficient;
      coeffs_.push_back(term.coefficient);
      starts_.push_back(literals_.size());
    }
    literals_.push_back(term.literal);
  }
 
  // Sentinel.
  starts_.push_back(literals_.size());
 
  hash_ = absl::Hash<std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>>()(cst);
}
 
void UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::AddToConflict(
    MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint* conflict) {
  int literal_index = 0;
  int coeff_index = 0;
  for (Literal literal : literals_) {
    conflict->AddTerm(literal, coeffs_[coeff_index]);
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
  }
  conflict->AddToRhs(rhs_);
}
 
bool UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::HasIdenticalTerms(
    const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst) {
  if (cst.size() != literals_.size()) return false;
  int literal_index = 0;
  int coeff_index = 0;
  for (LiteralWithCoeff term : cst) {
    if (literals_[literal_index] != term.literal) return false;
    if (coeffs_[coeff_index] != term.coefficient) return false;
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) {
      ++coeff_index;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::InitializeRhs(
    Coefficient rhs, int trail_index, Coefficient* threshold, Trail* trail,
    PbConstraintsEnqueueHelper* helper) {
  // Compute the slack from the assigned variables with a trail index
  // smaller than the given trail_index. The variable at trail_index has not
  // yet been propagated.
  rhs_ = rhs;
  Coefficient slack = rhs;
 
  // sum_at_previous_level[i] is the sum of assigned literals with a level <
  // i. Since we want the sums up to sum_at_previous_level[last_level + 1],
  // the size of the vector must be last_level + 2.
  const int last_level = trail->CurrentDecisionLevel();
  std::vector<Coefficient> sum_at_previous_level(last_level + 2,
                                                 Coefficient(0));
 
  int max_relevant_trail_index = 0;
  if (trail_index > 0) {
    int literal_index = 0;
    int coeff_index = 0;
    for (Literal literal : literals_) {
      const BooleanVariable var = literal.Variable();
      const Coefficient coeff = coeffs_[coeff_index];
      if (trail->Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(literal) &&
          trail->Info(var).trail_index < trail_index) {
        max_relevant_trail_index =
            std::max(max_relevant_trail_index, trail->Info(var).trail_index);
        slack -= coeff;
        sum_at_previous_level[trail->Info(var).level + 1] += coeff;
      }
      ++literal_index;
      if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
    }
 
    // The constraint is infeasible provided the current propagated trail.
    if (slack < 0) return false;
 
    // Cumulative sum.
    for (int i = 1; i < sum_at_previous_level.size(); ++i) {
      sum_at_previous_level[i] += sum_at_previous_level[i - 1];
    }
  }
 
  // Check the no-propagation at earlier level precondition.
  int literal_index = 0;
  int coeff_index = 0;
  for (Literal literal : literals_) {
    const BooleanVariable var = literal.Variable();
    const int level = trail->Assignment().VariableIsAssigned(var)
                          ? trail->Info(var).level
                          : last_level;
    if (level > 0) {
      CHECK_LE(coeffs_[coeff_index], rhs_ - sum_at_previous_level[level])
          << "var should have been propagated at an earlier level !";
    }
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
  }
 
  // Initial propagation.
  //
  // TODO(user): The source trail index for the propagation reason (i.e.
  // max_relevant_trail_index) may be higher than necessary (for some of the
  // propagated literals). Currently this works with FillReason(), but it was a
  // source of a really nasty bug (see CL 68906167) because of the (rhs == 1)
  // optim. Find a good way to test the logic.
  index_ = coeffs_.size() - 1;
  already_propagated_end_ = literals_.size();
  Update(slack, threshold);
  return *threshold < 0
             ? Propagate(max_relevant_trail_index, threshold, trail, helper)
             : true;
}
 
bool UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::Propagate(
    int trail_index, Coefficient* threshold, Trail* trail,
    PbConstraintsEnqueueHelper* helper) {
  DCHECK_LT(*threshold, 0);
  const Coefficient slack = GetSlackFromThreshold(*threshold);
  DCHECK_GE(slack, 0) << "The constraint is already a conflict!";
  while (index_ >= 0 && coeffs_[index_] > slack) --index_;
 
  // Check propagation.
  BooleanVariable first_propagated_variable(-1);
  for (int i = starts_[index_ + 1]; i < already_propagated_end_; ++i) {
    if (trail->Assignment().LiteralIsFalse(literals_[i])) continue;
    if (trail->Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(literals_[i])) {
      if (trail->Info(literals_[i].Variable()).trail_index > trail_index) {
        // Conflict.
        FillReason(*trail, trail_index, literals_[i].Variable(),
                   &helper->conflict);
        helper->conflict.push_back(literals_[i].Negated());
        Update(slack, threshold);
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      // Propagation.
      if (first_propagated_variable < 0) {
        if (first_reason_trail_index_ == -1) {
          first_reason_trail_index_ = trail->Index();
        }
        helper->Enqueue(literals_[i].Negated(), trail_index, this, trail);
        first_propagated_variable = literals_[i].Variable();
      } else {
        // Note that the reason for first_propagated_variable is always a
        // valid reason for literals_[i].Variable() because we process the
        // variable in increasing coefficient order.
        trail->EnqueueWithSameReasonAs(literals_[i].Negated(),
                                       first_propagated_variable);
      }
    }
  }
  Update(slack, threshold);
  DCHECK_GE(*threshold, 0);
  return true;
}
 
void UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::FillReason(
    const Trail& trail, int source_trail_index,
    BooleanVariable propagated_variable, std::vector<Literal>* reason) {
  reason->clear();
 
  // Optimization for an "at most one" constraint.
  // Note that the source_trail_index set by InitializeRhs() is ok in this case.
  if (rhs_ == 1) {
    reason->push_back(trail[source_trail_index].Negated());
    return;
  }
 
  // Optimization: This will be set to the index of the last literal in the
  // reason.
  int last_i = 0;
  int last_coeff_index = 0;
 
  // Compute the initial reason which is formed by all the literals of the
  // constraint that were assigned to true at the time of the propagation.
  // We remove literals with a level of 0 since they are not needed.
  // We also compute the slack at the time.
  Coefficient slack = rhs_;
  Coefficient propagated_variable_coefficient(0);
  int coeff_index = coeffs_.size() - 1;
  for (int i = literals_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
    const Literal literal = literals_[i];
    if (literal.Variable() == propagated_variable) {
      propagated_variable_coefficient = coeffs_[coeff_index];
    } else {
      if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(literal) &&
          trail.Info(literal.Variable()).trail_index <= source_trail_index) {
        if (trail.Info(literal.Variable()).level > 0) {
          reason->push_back(literal.Negated());
          last_i = i;
          last_coeff_index = coeff_index;
        }
        slack -= coeffs_[coeff_index];
      }
    }
    if (i == starts_[coeff_index]) {
      --coeff_index;
    }
  }
  DCHECK_GT(propagated_variable_coefficient, slack);
  DCHECK_GE(propagated_variable_coefficient, 0);
 
  // In both cases, we can't minimize the reason further.
  if (reason->size() <= 1 || coeffs_.size() == 1) return;
 
  Coefficient limit = propagated_variable_coefficient - slack;
  DCHECK_GE(limit, 1);
 
  // Remove literals with small coefficients from the reason as long as the
  // limit is still stricly positive.
  coeff_index = last_coeff_index;
  if (coeffs_[coeff_index] >= limit) return;
  for (int i = last_i; i < literals_.size(); ++i) {
    const Literal literal = literals_[i];
    if (i == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) {
      ++coeff_index;
      if (coeffs_[coeff_index] >= limit) break;
    }
    if (literal.Negated() != reason->back()) continue;
    limit -= coeffs_[coeff_index];
    reason->pop_back();
    if (coeffs_[coeff_index] >= limit) break;
  }
  DCHECK(!reason->empty());
  DCHECK_GE(limit, 1);
}
 
Coefficient UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ComputeCancelation(
    const Trail& trail, int trail_index,
    const MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint& conflict) {
  Coefficient result(0);
  int literal_index = 0;
  int coeff_index = 0;
  for (Literal literal : literals_) {
    if (!trail.Assignment().VariableIsAssigned(literal.Variable()) ||
        trail.Info(literal.Variable()).trail_index >= trail_index) {
      result += conflict.CancelationAmount(literal, coeffs_[coeff_index]);
    }
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
  }
  return result;
}
 
void UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::ResolvePBConflict(
    const Trail& trail, BooleanVariable var,
    MutableUpperBoundedLinearConstraint* conflict,
    Coefficient* conflict_slack) {
  const int limit_trail_index = trail.Info(var).trail_index;
 
  // Compute the constraint activity at the time and the coefficient of the
  // variable var.
  Coefficient activity(0);
  Coefficient var_coeff(0);
  int literal_index = 0;
  int coeff_index = 0;
  for (Literal literal : literals_) {
    if (literal.Variable() == var) {
      // The variable must be of the opposite sign in the current conflict.
      CHECK_NE(literal, conflict->GetLiteral(var));
      var_coeff = coeffs_[coeff_index];
    } else if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(literal) &&
               trail.Info(literal.Variable()).trail_index < limit_trail_index) {
      activity += coeffs_[coeff_index];
    }
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
  }
 
  // Special case.
  if (activity > rhs_) {
    // This constraint is already a conflict.
    // Use this one instead to start the resolution.
    //
    // TODO(user): Investigate if this is a good idea. It doesn't happen often,
    // but does happened. Maybe we can detect this before in Propagate()? The
    // setup is:
    // - At a given trail_index, var is propagated and added on the trail.
    // - There is some constraint literals assigned to true with a trail index
    //   in (trail_index, var.trail_index).
    // - Their sum is high enough to cause a conflict.
    // - But individually, their coefficients are too small to be propagated, so
    //   the conflict is not yet detected. It will be when these variables are
    //   processed by PropagateNext().
    conflict->ClearAll();
    AddToConflict(conflict);
    *conflict_slack = rhs_ - activity;
    DCHECK_EQ(*conflict_slack,
              conflict->ComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(trail, limit_trail_index));
    return;
  }
 
  // This is the slack of *this for the trail prefix < limit_trail_index.
  const Coefficient slack = rhs_ - activity;
  CHECK_GE(slack, 0);
 
  // This is the slack of the conflict at the same level.
  DCHECK_EQ(*conflict_slack,
            conflict->ComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(trail, limit_trail_index));
 
  // TODO(user): If there is more "cancelation" than the min_coeffs below when
  // we add the two constraints, the resulting slack may be even lower. Taking
  // that into account is probably good.
  const Coefficient cancelation =
      DEBUG_MODE ? ComputeCancelation(trail, limit_trail_index, *conflict)
                 : Coefficient(0);
 
  // When we add the two constraints together, the slack of the result for the
  // trail < limit_trail_index - 1 must be negative. We know that its value is
  // <= slack1 + slack2 - min(coeffs), so we have nothing to do if this bound is
  // already negative.
  const Coefficient conflict_var_coeff = conflict->GetCoefficient(var);
  const Coefficient min_coeffs = std::min(var_coeff, conflict_var_coeff);
  const Coefficient new_slack_ub = slack + *conflict_slack - min_coeffs;
  CHECK_LT(*conflict_slack, conflict_var_coeff);
  CHECK_LT(slack, var_coeff);
  if (new_slack_ub < 0) {
    AddToConflict(conflict);
    DCHECK_EQ(*conflict_slack + slack - cancelation,
              conflict->ComputeSlackForTrailPrefix(trail, limit_trail_index));
    return;
  }
 
  // We need to relax one or both of the constraints so the new slack is < 0.
  // Using the relaxation described in ReduceSlackTo(), we can have this new
  // slack bound:
  //
  //   (slack - diff) + (conflict_slack - conflict_diff)
  //      - min(var_coeff - diff, conflict_var_coeff - conflict_diff).
  //
  // For all diff in [0, slack)
  // For all conflict_diff in [0, conflict_slack)
  Coefficient diff(0);
  Coefficient conflict_diff(0);
 
  // Is relaxing the constraint with the highest coeff enough?
  if (new_slack_ub < std::max(var_coeff, conflict_var_coeff) - min_coeffs) {
    const Coefficient reduc = new_slack_ub + 1;
    if (var_coeff < conflict_var_coeff) {
      conflict_diff += reduc;
    } else {
      diff += reduc;
    }
  } else {
    // Just reduce the slack of both constraints to zero.
    //
    // TODO(user): The best will be to relax as little as possible.
    diff = slack;
    conflict_diff = *conflict_slack;
  }
 
  // Relax the conflict.
  CHECK_GE(conflict_diff, 0);
  CHECK_LE(conflict_diff, *conflict_slack);
  if (conflict_diff > 0) {
    conflict->ReduceSlackTo(trail, limit_trail_index, *conflict_slack,
                            *conflict_slack - conflict_diff);
    *conflict_slack -= conflict_diff;
  }
 
  // We apply the same algorithm as the one in ReduceSlackTo() but on
  // the non-mutable representation and add it on the fly into conflict.
  CHECK_GE(diff, 0);
  CHECK_LE(diff, slack);
  if (diff == 0) {
    // Special case if there if no relaxation is needed.
    AddToConflict(conflict);
    return;
  }
 
  literal_index = 0;
  coeff_index = 0;
  for (Literal literal : literals_) {
    if (trail.Assignment().LiteralIsTrue(literal) &&
        trail.Info(literal.Variable()).trail_index < limit_trail_index) {
      conflict->AddTerm(literal, coeffs_[coeff_index]);
    } else {
      const Coefficient new_coeff = coeffs_[coeff_index] - diff;
      if (new_coeff > 0) {
        // TODO(user): track the cancelation here so we can update
        // *conflict_slack properly.
        conflict->AddTerm(literal, new_coeff);
      }
    }
    ++literal_index;
    if (literal_index == starts_[coeff_index + 1]) ++coeff_index;
  }
 
  // And the rhs.
  conflict->AddToRhs(rhs_ - diff);
}
 
void UpperBoundedLinearConstraint::Untrail(Coefficient* threshold,
                                           int trail_index) {
  const Coefficient slack = GetSlackFromThreshold(*threshold);
  while (index_ + 1 < coeffs_.size() && coeffs_[index_ + 1] <= slack) ++index_;
  Update(slack, threshold);
  if (first_reason_trail_index_ >= trail_index) {
    first_reason_trail_index_ = -1;
  }
}
 
// TODO(user): This is relatively slow. Take the "transpose" all at once, and
// maybe put small constraints first on the to_update_ lists.
bool PbConstraints::AddConstraint(const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst,
                                  Coefficient rhs, Trail* trail) {
  SCOPED_TIME_STAT(&stats_);
  DCHECK(!cst.empty());
  DCHECK(std::is_sorted(cst.begin(), cst.end(), CoeffComparator));
 
  // Special case if this is the first constraint.
  if (constraints_.empty()) {
    to_update_.resize(trail->NumVariables() << 1);
    enqueue_helper_.propagator_id = propagator_id_;
    enqueue_helper_.reasons.resize(trail->NumVariables());
    propagation_trail_index_ = trail->Index();
  }
 
  std::unique_ptr<UpperBoundedLinearConstraint> c(
      new UpperBoundedLinearConstraint(cst));
  std::vector<UpperBoundedLinearConstraint*>& duplicate_candidates =
      possible_duplicates_[c->hash()];
 
  // Optimization if the constraint terms are duplicates.
  for (UpperBoundedLinearConstraint* candidate : duplicate_candidates) {
    if (candidate->HasIdenticalTerms(cst)) {
      if (rhs < candidate->Rhs()) {
        // TODO(user): the index is needed to give the correct thresholds_ entry
        // to InitializeRhs() below, but this linear scan is not super
        // efficient.
        ConstraintIndex i(0);
        while (i < constraints_.size() &&
               constraints_[i.value()].get() != candidate) {
          ++i;
        }
        CHECK_LT(i, constraints_.size());
        return candidate->InitializeRhs(rhs, propagation_trail_index_,
                                        &thresholds_[i], trail,
                                        &enqueue_helper_);
      } else {
        // The constraint is redundant, so there is nothing to do.
        return true;
      }
    }
  }
 
  thresholds_.push_back(Coefficient(0));
  if (!c->InitializeRhs(rhs, propagation_trail_index_, &thresholds_.back(),
                        trail, &enqueue_helper_)) {
    thresholds_.pop_back();
    return false;
  }
 
  const ConstraintIndex cst_index(constraints_.size());
  duplicate_candidates.push_back(c.get());
  constraints_.emplace_back(c.release());
  for (LiteralWithCoeff term : cst) {
    DCHECK_LT(term.literal.Index(), to_update_.size());
    to_update_[term.literal.Index()].push_back(ConstraintIndexWithCoeff(
        trail->Assignment().VariableIsAssigned(term.literal.Variable()),
        cst_index, term.coefficient));
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool PbConstraints::AddLearnedConstraint(
    const std::vector<LiteralWithCoeff>& cst, Coefficient rhs, Trail* trail) {
  DeleteSomeLearnedConstraintIfNeeded();
  const int old_num_constraints = constraints_.size();
  const bool result = AddConstraint(cst, rhs, trail);
 
  // The second test is to avoid marking a problem constraint as learned because
  // of the "reuse last constraint" optimization.
  if (result && constraints_.size() > old_num_constraints) {
    constraints_.back()->set_is_learned(true);
  }
  return result;
}
 
bool PbConstraints::PropagateNext(Trail* trail) {
  SCOPED_TIME_STAT(&stats_);
  const int source_trail_index = propagation_trail_index_;
  const Literal true_literal = (*trail)[propagation_trail_index_];
  ++propagation_trail_index_;
 
  // We need to update ALL threshold, otherwise the Untrail() will not be
  // synchronized.
  bool conflict = false;
  num_threshold_updates_ += to_update_[true_literal.Index()].size();
  for (ConstraintIndexWithCoeff& update : to_update_[true_literal.Index()]) {
    const Coefficient threshold =
        thresholds_[update.index] - update.coefficient;
    thresholds_[update.index] = threshold;
    if (threshold < 0 && !conflict) {
      UpperBoundedLinearConstraint* const cst =
          constraints_[update.index.value()].get();
      update.need_untrail_inspection = true;
      ++num_constraint_lookups_;
      const int old_value = cst->already_propagated_end();
      if (!cst->Propagate(source_trail_index, &thresholds_[update.index], trail,
                          &enqueue_helper_)) {
        trail->MutableConflict()->swap(enqueue_helper_.conflict);
        conflicting_constraint_index_ = update.index;
        conflict = true;
 
        // We bump the activity of the conflict.
        BumpActivity(constraints_[update.index.value()].get());
      }
      num_inspected_constraint_literals_ +=
          old_value - cst->already_propagated_end();
    }
  }
  return !conflict;
}
 
bool PbConstraints::Propagate(Trail* trail) {
  const int old_index = trail->Index();
  while (trail->Index() == old_index && propagation_trail_index_ < old_index) {
    if (!PropagateNext(trail)) return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
void PbConstraints::Untrail(const Trail& trail, int trail_index) {
  SCOPED_TIME_STAT(&stats_);
  to_untrail_.ClearAndResize(ConstraintIndex(constraints_.size()));
  while (propagation_trail_index_ > trail_index) {
    --propagation_trail_index_;
    const Literal literal = trail[propagation_trail_index_];
    for (ConstraintIndexWithCoeff& update : to_update_[literal.Index()]) {
      thresholds_[update.index] += update.coefficient;
 
      // Only the constraints which were inspected during Propagate() need
      // inspection during Untrail().
      if (update.need_untrail_inspection) {
        update.need_untrail_inspection = false;
        to_untrail_.Set(update.index);
      }
    }
  }
  for (ConstraintIndex cst_index : to_untrail_.PositionsSetAtLeastOnce()) {
    constraints_[cst_index.value()]->Untrail(&(thresholds_[cst_index]),
                                             trail_index);
  }
}
 
absl::Span<const Literal> PbConstraints::Reason(const Trail& trail,
                                                int trail_index) const {
  SCOPED_TIME_STAT(&stats_);
  const PbConstraintsEnqueueHelper::ReasonInfo& reason_info =
      enqueue_helper_.reasons[trail_index];
  std::vector<Literal>* reason = trail.GetEmptyVectorToStoreReason(trail_index);
  reason_info.pb_constraint->FillReason(trail, reason_info.source_trail_index,
                                        trail[trail_index].Variable(), reason);
  return *reason;
}
 
UpperBoundedLinearConstraint* PbConstraints::ReasonPbConstraint(
    int trail_index) const {
  const PbConstraintsEnqueueHelper::ReasonInfo& reason_info =
      enqueue_helper_.reasons[trail_index];
  return reason_info.pb_constraint;
}
 
// TODO(user): Because num_constraints also include problem constraints, the
// policy may not be what we want if there is a big number of problem
// constraints. Fix this.
void PbConstraints::ComputeNewLearnedConstraintLimit() {
  const int num_constraints = constraints_.size();
  target_number_of_learned_constraint_ =
      num_constraints + parameters_->pb_cleanup_increment();
  num_learned_constraint_before_cleanup_ =
      static_cast<int>(target_number_of_learned_constraint_ /
                       parameters_->pb_cleanup_ratio()) -
      num_constraints;
}
 
void PbConstraints::DeleteSomeLearnedConstraintIfNeeded() {
  if (num_learned_constraint_before_cleanup_ == 0) {
    // First time.
    ComputeNewLearnedConstraintLimit();
    return;
  }
  --num_learned_constraint_before_cleanup_;
  if (num_learned_constraint_before_cleanup_ > 0) return;
  SCOPED_TIME_STAT(&stats_);
 
  // Mark the constraint that needs to be deleted.
  // We do that in two pass, first we extract the activities.
  std::vector<double> activities;
  for (int i = 0; i < constraints_.size(); ++i) {
    const UpperBoundedLinearConstraint& constraint = *(constraints_[i].get());
    if (constraint.is_learned() && !constraint.is_used_as_a_reason()) {
      activities.push_back(constraint.activity());
    }
  }
 
  // Then we compute the cutoff threshold.
  // Note that we can't delete constraint used as a reason!!
  std::sort(activities.begin(), activities.end());
  const int num_constraints_to_delete =
      constraints_.size() - target_number_of_learned_constraint_;
  CHECK_GT(num_constraints_to_delete, 0);
  if (num_constraints_to_delete >= activities.size()) {
    // Unlikely, but may happen, so in this case, we just delete all the
    // constraint that can possibly be deleted
    for (int i = 0; i < constraints_.size(); ++i) {
      UpperBoundedLinearConstraint& constraint = *(constraints_[i].get());
      if (constraint.is_learned() && !constraint.is_used_as_a_reason()) {
        constraint.MarkForDeletion();
      }
    }
  } else {
    const double limit_activity = activities[num_constraints_to_delete];
    int num_constraint_at_limit_activity = 0;
    for (int i = num_constraints_to_delete; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (activities[i] == limit_activity) {
        ++num_constraint_at_limit_activity;
      } else {
        break;
      }
    }
 
    // Mark for deletion all the constraints under this threshold.
    // We only keep the most recent constraint amongst the one with the activity
    // exactly equal ot limit_activity, it is why the loop is in the reverse
    // order.
    for (int i = constraints_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      UpperBoundedLinearConstraint& constraint = *(constraints_[i].get());
      if (constraint.is_learned() && !constraint.is_used_as_a_reason()) {
        if (constraint.activity() <= limit_activity) {
          if (constraint.activity() == limit_activity &&
              num_constraint_at_limit_activity > 0) {
            --num_constraint_at_limit_activity;
          } else {
            constraint.MarkForDeletion();
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Finally we delete the marked constraint and compute the next limit.
  DeleteConstraintMarkedForDeletion();
  ComputeNewLearnedConstraintLimit();
}
 
void PbConstraints::BumpActivity(UpperBoundedLinearConstraint* constraint) {
  if (!constraint->is_learned()) return;
  const double max_activity = parameters_->max_clause_activity_value();
  constraint->set_activity(constraint->activity() +
                           constraint_activity_increment_);
  if (constraint->activity() > max_activity) {
    RescaleActivities(1.0 / max_activity);
  }
}
 
void PbConstraints::RescaleActivities(double scaling_factor) {
  constraint_activity_increment_ *= scaling_factor;
  for (int i = 0; i < constraints_.size(); ++i) {
    constraints_[i]->set_activity(constraints_[i]->activity() * scaling_factor);
  }
}
 
void PbConstraints::UpdateActivityIncrement() {
  const double decay = parameters_->clause_activity_decay();
  constraint_activity_increment_ *= 1.0 / decay;
}
 
void PbConstraints::DeleteConstraintMarkedForDeletion() {
  absl::StrongVector<ConstraintIndex, ConstraintIndex> index_mapping(
      constraints_.size(), ConstraintIndex(-1));
  ConstraintIndex new_index(0);
  for (ConstraintIndex i(0); i < constraints_.size(); ++i) {
    if (!constraints_[i.value()]->is_marked_for_deletion()) {
      index_mapping[i] = new_index;
      if (new_index < i) {
        constraints_[new_index.value()] = std::move(constraints_[i.value()]);
        thresholds_[new_index] = thresholds_[i];
      }
      ++new_index;
    } else {
      // Remove it from possible_duplicates_.
      UpperBoundedLinearConstraint* c = constraints_[i.value()].get();
      std::vector<UpperBoundedLinearConstraint*>& ref =
          possible_duplicates_[c->hash()];
      for (int i = 0; i < ref.size(); ++i) {
        if (ref[i] == c) {
          std::swap(ref[i], ref.back());
          ref.pop_back();
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  constraints_.resize(new_index.value());
  thresholds_.resize(new_index.value());
 
  // This is the slow part, we need to remap all the ConstraintIndex to the
  // new ones.
  for (LiteralIndex lit(0); lit < to_update_.size(); ++lit) {
    std::vector<ConstraintIndexWithCoeff>& updates = to_update_[lit];
    int new_index = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < updates.size(); ++i) {
      const ConstraintIndex m = index_mapping[updates[i].index];
      if (m != -1) {
        updates[new_index] = updates[i];
        updates[new_index].index = m;
        ++new_index;
      }
    }
    updates.resize(new_index);
  }
}
 
}  // namespace sat
}  // namespace operations_research